Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzaecolonization, infection and biofilm formation

Resumen

Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen that forms part of the human nasopharyngeal microbiota. This microorganism is classified into encapsulated and nonencapsulated or nontypeable (NTHi) isolates, depending on the presence of a polysaccharide capsule. Although H. influenzae is a common respiratory commensal, it is also able to cause several infections, especially in patients with comorbidities. The most common respiratory infections in which H. influenzae can be identified as the main etiological agent are exacerbations in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), cystic fibrosis, and otitis media. In addition, this pathogen is also a common cause of invasive infections such as bacteraemia and meningitis. Before the introduction of the conjugate vaccine, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) was the main cause of meningitis in children under five years. However, effective childhood vaccination has caused a dramatic reduction in Hib and allowed the expansion of NTHi, which is becoming more relevant in both respiratory and invasive infections. In this thesis, we studied three different aspects of the epidemiology of NTHi since the introduction of the vaccine. Our study focused on molecular genotyping, antimicrobial resistance and adhesion and biofilm formation of NTHi isolates from healthy children and from adult patients with CAP, COPD and invasive diseases. In the first part of this thesis, we set out to characterize the NTHi populations that are involved in adult infections in Bellvitge hospital. Furthermore, as humans are the only reservoir of NTHi, we aimed to identify the oropharyngeal carriage rate in healthy children attending day care centres in Oviedo. The aim of the second part of this thesis was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of clinical NTHi isolates, placing emphasis on the molecular characterization of B-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance, the main antimicrobials used in the treatment of NTHi infections. The last part of this thesis focused on adhesion and biofilm formation. Biofilm is one of the mechanisms that microorganisms have developed in order to protect themselves and survive in hostile environments. Once the biofilm structure is formed, it is difficult to eliminate and, as a consequence, biofilm-associated infections commonly show recurrent symptoms. Although biofilm formation by NTHi remains controversial, biofilm-like structures have been observed in middle-ear mucosa in experimental chinchilla models of otitis media. Taken together, all the studies discussed in this thesis can improve our understanding of the clinical epidemiology of NTHi populations since the introduction of vaccination and of the mechanism of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of this microorganism.